MUTASI

Mutations occur due to errors in the sequence of DNA nitrogen bases. The structure of the nitrogenous bases in DNA is the code for building everything in salt. Muta causes sudden and unexpected changes in salts and tissues.

When did the mutation cause the problem?
Mutations that occur in body salts do not cause problems because mutations that occur in body salts are not passed on to offspring. Mutation is an important evolutionary mechanism in natural selection when it occurs in gamete cells such as sperm and oocytes, as gamete mutations are passed on to the next generation. The following are examples of polydactyly/polydactyly mutations.

Figure 1: Boy with 15 fingers and 16 toes.

Four types of nitrogenous base mutations
1. Nitrogen replacement
2, nitrogen-based insert ---> shaping destruction
3. Deletion of basic nitrogen -----> scaffold shift formation

Nitrogen based substitution mutations
One nitrogenous base is replaced by another
Output thread: TAC GCA TGG ACG
Nutation thread: TAC GTA TGG ACG
This mutation causes a change in one type of amino acid in the protein.

Insertion of nitrogen by mutation
An amino acid accidentally got into the sequence of DNA chains
Short start: TAC GCA TGG ACG
Mutation thread: T AT CGC ATG GAC C (See additional nitrogen base T
This insert event is surprising in how Salt reads the code.
Salt is always read with three or three nitrogenous bases. Therefore, add them to each of the following amino acids afterwards. This form of mutation is called a frameshift mutation.
Think:
Normal DNA: RED-FOX-EDIT-BIG-RAT
Insertion mutation: EREDFOXATEELBIGRAT
See how the resulting message is fragmented

Mutation based nitrogen quenching
Nucleic acid missing
Starting theme: TAC GCA TGG ACG…
Mutation Subject: TCG CAT GG ACG… (note that the first "A" is missing)
The loss of the nitro-A base on the original flux salt DNA strand reads these genes.

Another mutation that changes the skeleton
Early DNA: ELFOXATODEREDELBIGRAT…
Read 3 - 3 letters RED FOX eats big rats
Deletion Mutation: THREDFOXATETHEBIGRATE…
Read 3 - 3 letters: THR EDF OXA TET HEB IGR AT
Since the first "E" is gone, the rest of the weight becomes crap.

Figure 2: Deletion mutations causing changes in triplet DNA arrangement.

Are mutations good, bad, or just normal?
A very small percentage of beneficial mutations can occur. In biology, such mutations allow organisms to grow, find mates, and have fertile offspring. Offering the pale kiss mutation is a disservice.
This mutational biology prevents organs from growing, finding mates, and having fertile offspring.
There are also many "silent" mutations, where mutations occur but do not affect the living things that experience them.

Silent mutations, beneficial, harmful
Silent mutations occur when a change in the nitrogenous base of DNA does not affect the amino acid sequence that makes up the protein. This can happen because an amino acid can be coded for by more than one triplet, so changing any of the nitrogen bases in the triplet, but not the type of amino acid it encodes, changes both structure and function, which is called a silent mutation. .

In the left column of the figure is the original DNA triplet, in the next column is a silent mutation, in which the nitrogenous base is replaced from C to T, but the formation of amino acids of the same type occurs, therefore such a mutation is called silent. .

Figure 3. Silent, nonsensical, and false-sense mutation mechanisms

beneficial mutation
The mutation causes hyperpigmentation of the skin, which is beneficial for people living in equatorial regions. This hyperpigmentation reduces the effects of UV rays penetrating a person's skin and also reduces the risk of developing skin cancer.

Mutations that cause a decrease in skin pigmentation. This is beneficial for people living in places far from the equator.
Humans need ultraviolet rays to process vitamin D. Lack of vitamin D formation process causes disease. Rickets is a disease in children characterized by growth retardation and malformations of long bones.
Osteomalacia is a bone disorder that occurs predominantly in adults.

Mutations that cause adults to digest lactase. Because of this, adult Europeans or Kenyans can still digest the lactose lactase enzyme as adults.

Unwanted Mutations: Cause Genetic Diseases
So far, we have observed mutations that occur in only one gene. What if all parts of a chromosome have mixed mutations, deletions, or multiple copies? It can affect hundreds of genes at the same time.

Crying cat syndrome - mental retardation, retardation with signs of small head size, low birth weight, muscle tone l

both in childhood and characteristic facial features.

22q11.2 deletion syndrome characterized by cleft palate syndrome, heart defects, recurrent infections, unique facial features, nutritional problems, kidney disease, scoliosis, hearing loss, developmental delay, disability

Duplication - partial trisomy, occurs when there is an extra segment of the chromosome. Duplication of MECP2 - occurs almost exclusively in men. Formation of mental retardation, poor muscle tone in infancy, feeding difficulties, poor or absent speech, or muscle stiffness (stiffness).

Figure 5: Types of chromosomal mutations

Think:
Schematic representation of the human chromosome, showing the location of some genes in chromosomes, mutated forms of which suffer from hereditary diseases. Diseases that can be diagnosed using DNA analysis are marked with red dots.